Name: Duhan Jasminka Butorac
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Duhan Jasminka Butorac

1. Uvod ................................................................................................................................ 1
2. Botanička sistematika i podrijetlo duhana ...................................................................... 2
3. Proizvodnja, površine i prinosi duhana u svijetu i u nas ................................................. 8
4. Podjela duhana na tipove .............................................................................................. 13
4.1. Duhani sušeni toplim zrakom u sušnicama (flue-cured) ........................................ 14
4.2. Duhani sušeni na zraku (air-cured) ........................................................................ 15
4.3. Duhani sušeni na suncu (sun-cured) ...................................................................... 18
4.4. Duhani sušeni iznad otvorene vatre (fire-cured) .................................................... 19
5. Gospodarska važnost duhana ........................................................................................ 20
6. Morfološka svojstva duhana ......................................................................................... 26
6.1. Korijen ................................................................................................................... 26
6.2. Stabljika ................................................................................................................. 26
6.3. List ......................................................................................................................... 28
6.4. Cvijet ...................................................................................................................... 29
6.5. Plod i sjeme ............................................................................................................ 31
7. Biološka svojstva duhana .............................................................................................. 33
7.1. Faze razvoja u rasadniku ........................................................................................ 33
7.1.1. Klijanje sjemena .............................................................................................. 33
7.1.2. Nicanje ............................................................................................................ 33
7.1.3. Ukorjenjivanje presadnica .............................................................................. 34
7.1.4. Formiranje presadnica ..................................................................................... 34
7.2. Faze razvoja u polju ............................................................................................... 35
7.2.1. Ukorjenjivanje duhana u polju ........................................................................ 35
7.2.2. Formiranje biljke ............................................................................................. 35
7.2.3. Cvjetanje ......................................................................................................... 35
7.2.4. Formiranje i sazrijevanje sjemena .................................................................. 37
7.2.5. Formiranje i sazrijevanje listova ..................................................................... 37
8. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje flue-cured duhana ..................................................... 39
8.1. Odnos duhana prema temperaturi .......................................................................... 39
8.2. Odnos duhana prema svjetlu .................................................................................. 40
8.3. Odnos duhana prema vodi ..................................................................................... 40
8.4. Odnos duhana prema tlu ........................................................................................ 42
9. Tehnologija proizvodnje flue-cured duhana ................................................................. 44
9.1. Uzgoj presadnica duhana klasi?nim na?inom ........................................................ 44
9.1.1. Priprema lijeha ................................................................................................ 44
9.1.2. Sjetva ............................................................................................................... 45
9.1.3. Prihrana ........................................................................................................... 45
9.1.4. Njega presadnica ............................................................................................. 45
9.2. Uzgoj presadnica duhana u hidroponima ............................................................... 46
9.2.1. Priprema hidropona ......................................................................................... 47
9.2.2. Gnojidba .......................................................................................................... 47
9.2.3. Sjetva ............................................................................................................... 48
9.2.4. Njega presadnica ............................................................................................. 50
9.3. Uzgoj duhana u polju ............................................................................................. 51
9.3.1. Plodored .......................................................................................................... 51

9.3.2. Obrada i priprema tla za sadnju ...................................................................... 53
9.3.3. Gnojidba .......................................................................................................... 54
9.3.3.1. Dušik ........................................................................................................ 55
9.3.3.2. Fosfor ....................................................................................................... 58
9.3.3.3. Kalij .......................................................................................................... 58
9.3.3.4. Kalcij ........................................................................................................ 59
9.3.3.5. Magnezij .................................................................................................. 59
9.3.3.6. Klor .......................................................................................................... 60
9.3.3.7. Bor ............................................................................................................ 60
9.3.3.8. Sumpor ..................................................................................................... 60
9.3.3.9. Mangan .................................................................................................... 61
9.3.3.10. Ostala mikrohraniva ............................................................................... 61
9.3.3.11. Unošenje gnojiva ................................................................................... 61
9.3.4. Ciljevi selekcije i izbor sorte ........................................................................... 62
9.3.5. Sadnja .............................................................................................................. 69
9.3.6. Njega duhana .................................................................................................. 72
9.3.6.1. Suzbijanje korova ..................................................................................... 72
9.3.6.2. Natapanje ................................................................................................. 74
9.3.6.3. Otkidanje cvata i zaperaka ....................................................................... 76
9.3.6.4. Suzbijanje bolesti ..................................................................................... 78
9.3.6.4.1. Gljivi?ne bolesti ................................................................................ 79
9.3.6.4.1.1. Polijeganje rasada ili kli?na padavica (Pythium debarianum
Hesse) ............................................................................................................ 79
9.3.6.4.1.2. Crna korijenova trulež (Chalara ellegans Naq Raj & W.B.
Kendr.) .......................................................................................................... 79
9.3.6.4.1.3. Plamenja?a (Peronospora tabacina Adam) ............................... 80
9.3.6.4.1.4. Crna noga (Phytophtora nicotianae (parasitica) Dastur) .......... 80
9.3.6.4.1.5. Gljivi?no venuüe (Fusarium oxysporum (nicotianae) Schltdl.) 81
9.3.6.4.1.6. Ranjavost stabljike (Rhizoctonia solani Kuhn) .......................... 81
9.3.6.4.1.7. Trulež stabljike i korijena duhana (Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc) ...... 81
9.3.6.4.1.8. Smeya pjegavost (Alternaria alternata (tenuis) Keissl) ............ 81
9.3.6.4.1.9. Pepelnica (Erisyphe cichoracearum DC) .................................. 82
9.3.6.4.2. Bakterijske bolesti ............................................................................. 82
9.3.6.4.2.1. Divlja vatra ili plamac (Pseudomonas tabaci Wolf & Foster) .. 82
9.3.6.4.2.2. Bakterijsko venuüe (Pseudomonas solanacearum Smith) ......... 83
9.3.6.4.2.3. Šuplja stabljika (Erwinia carotovora Winslow et al.) ............... 83
9.3.6.4.3. Virusne bolesti .................................................................................. 83
9.3.6.4.3.1. Virus mozaika duhana (Tobacco mosaic virus - TMV) ............. 83
9.3.6.4.3.2. Y virus krumpira (Vein banding - PVY) .................................. 84
9.3.6.4.3.3. Virus prstenastog venuüa raj?ice (Tomato spotted wilt virus -
TSWV) .......................................................................................................... 85
9.3.6.4.3.4. Virus mozaika krastavca (Cucumber mosaic virus - CMV) ...... 85
9.3.6.4.3.5. Virusna pjegavost (Tobacco etch virus - TEV) ......................... 86
9.3.6.4.4. Nematode .......................................................................................... 86
9.3.6.4.5. Parazitske cvjetnice ........................................................................... 87
9.3.6.4.5.1. Zumbul ili volovod (Orobanche spp.) ....................................... 87

9.3.6.4.5.2. Vilina kosica (Cuscuta alba) ..................................................... 88
9.3.6.4.6. Bolesti fiziološkog podrijetla ............................................................ 88
9.3.6.5. Suzbijanje štetnika ................................................................................... 88
9.3.6.5.1. Štetnici u lijehama ............................................................................. 88
9.3.6.5.1.1. Leteüi duhanski kornjaš ili duhanov buha? (Epitrix hirtipennis
Melsh.) .......................................................................................................... 88
9.3.6.5.1.2. Duhanske mušice (Hydrobaenun spp. Alch.) ............................ 88
9.3.6.5.1.3. Povrtlarski žižak (Listroderes costriostris obliquus Klug) ........ 89
9.3.6.5.1.4. Rovac (Gryllotalpa hexadactyla Perty) ..................................... 89
9.3.6.5.1.5. Zelena lipanjska buba (Cotinis nitida L.) .................................. 89
9.3.6.5.2. Štetnici u polju .................................................................................. 89
9.3.6.5.2.1. Duhanski ži?njak (Conoderus vespertinus F. i C. Falli.) ........... 89
9.3.6.5.2.2. Crna sovica (Agrotis ypsilon Hufnl.) ......................................... 89
9.3.6.5.2.3. Crv duhanske stabljike (Crambus spp.) ..................................... 89
9.3.6.5.2.4. Bjeloresa buba (Graphognathus spp.) ....................................... 90
9.3.6.5.2.5. Duhanski rogati crv (Manduca sexta L.) ................................... 90
9.3.6.5.2.6. Crv duhanskog pupa (Heliothis virescens F.) ............................ 90
9.3.6.5.2.7. Breskvina zelena uš (Mysus persicae Sulzer) ............................ 90
9.3.6.5.2.8. Zrikavac ?etveroto?kasti (Oecanthus nigricornis quadripunctatus
Beut) .............................................................................................................. 91
9.3.6.5.2.9. Crv duhanskog lista ili krumpirov moljac (Phtorimaea
operculella Zell) ............................................................................................ 91
9.3.6.5.2.10. Japanski sjajnik (Popilla japonica Newman) .......................... 91
9.3.6.5.2.11. Kupusni resi?ar (Trichoplusia spp. Hbn.) ................................ 92
9.3.6.5.2.12. Zelena smrdljiva buba (Nozara viridula L.) ............................ 92
9.3.6.5.2.13. Duhanov trips resi?ar (Trips tabaci Lind.) .............................. 92
9.3.6.5.2.14. Mjere suzbijanja štetnika ......................................................... 92
9.3.6.5.3. Štetnici u skladištu ............................................................................ 94
9.3.6.5.3.1. Duhanski moljac (Ephestia elutella Hlbn.) ................................ 94
9.3.6.5.3.2. Duhanski žižak ili duhanar (Lasioderma serricorne F.) ............ 94
9.3.7. Berba ............................................................................................................... 95
9.3.8. Sušenje ............................................................................................................ 98
10. Dorada duhana .......................................................................................................... 103
10.1. Primarna manipulacija ....................................................................................... 103
10.2. Otkup duhana ..................................................................................................... 104
10.3. Ižiljavanje (thrashing) ........................................................................................ 106
10.4. Ponovno sušenje (redrying) ............................................................................... 108
10.5. Fermentacija ....................................................................................................... 110
10.6. Skladištenje, odležavanje i maturacija ............................................................... 113
10.7. Ekspandiranje duhana ........................................................................................ 114
10.8. Rekonstituirani duhan (folija) ............................................................................ 116
11. Kvaliteta duhana ....................................................................................................... 118
11.1. Organolepti?ka procjena .................................................................................... 121
11.2. Fizikalna svojstva ............................................................................................... 127
11.3. Kemijska svojstva .............................................................................................. 130
11.4. Puša?ka svojstva ................................................................................................ 139

12. Duhani sušeni na zraku ............................................................................................. 145
12.1. Burley ................................................................................................................. 145
12.1.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje burleya .................................................... 146
12.1.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje burleya ................................................................ 147
12.2. Maryland ............................................................................................................ 154
12.2.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje marylanda ............................................... 155
12.2.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje marylanda ........................................................... 155
12.3. Tamni duhani sušeni na zraku ............................................................................ 156
12.3.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje tamnih duhana ........................................ 156
12.3.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje tamnih duhana .................................................... 157
12.4. Cigarni duhani .................................................................................................... 158
12.4.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje cigarnih duhana ...................................... 158
12.4.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje cigarnih duhana .................................................. 158
12.5. Perique duhani ................................................................................................... 161
12.5.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje perique duhana ....................................... 161
12.5.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje perique duhana .................................................... 161
13. Duhani sušeni na suncu ............................................................................................. 163
13.1. Orijentalni duhani .............................................................................................. 163
13.1.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje orijentalnih duhana ................................. 163
13.1.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje orijentalnih duhana ............................................. 164
13.2. Poluorijentalni duhani ........................................................................................ 169
13.2.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje poluorijentalnih duhana ......................... 169
13.2.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje poluorijentalnih duhana ...................................... 169
13.3. Virginia sun-cured duhani .................................................................................. 171
14. Duhani sušeni iznad otvorene vatre .......................................................................... 172
14.1. Agroekološki uvjeti proizvodnje fire-cured duhana .......................................... 172
14.2. Tehnologija proizvodnje fire-cured duhana ....................................................... 172
15. Postupak identifikacije sorata duhana ....................................................................... 174
15.1. Morfološka svojstva ........................................................................................... 174
15.2. Fenološka svojstva ............................................................................................. 182
15.3. Gospodarska svojstva ......................................................................................... 183
15.4. Reagiranje na bolesti .......................................................................................... 184
15.5. Kemijska svojstva .............................................................................................. 186
15.6. Puša?ka svojstva ................................................................................................ 187
16. Literatura ................................................................................................................... 189
Kazalo pojmova .............................................................................................................. 194

Autor	Jasminka Butorac
Uvez	Meki
Izdavač	Kugler
Godina izdavanja	2009
Stranica	200
Stanje	Rabljeno / Vrlo dobro očuvano 9/10

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